Abies alba

Abies alba is a large evergreen coniferous tree growing to 40–50 m tall and with a trunk diameter up to 1.5 m. The largest measured tree was 60 m tall and had a trunk diameter of 3.8 m. It occurs at altitudes of 300–1700 m (mainly over 500 m), on mountains with rainfall over 1000 mm per year.

The leaves are needle-like, flattened, 1.8–3.0 cm long and 2.0 mm wide by 0.5 mm thick, glossy dark green above, and with two greenish-white bands of stomata below. The leaf is usually slightly notched at the tip. The cones are 9–17 cm long and 3–4 cm broad, with about 150-200 scales, each scale with an exserted bract and two winged seeds; they disintegrate when mature to release the seeds. The wood is white, leading to the species name alba.

In the forest the evergreen tends to form stands with Norway spruce, Scots pine, and European beech. It is closely related to Bulgarian fir (Abies borisii-regis) further to the southeast in the Balkan Peninsula, Spanish fir (Abies pinsapo) of Spain and Morocco and Sicilian fir (Abies nebrodensis) in Sicily, differing from these and other related Euro-Mediterranean firs in the sparser foliage, with the leaves spread either side of the shoot, leaving the shoot readily visible from above. Some botanists treat Bulgarian fir and Sicilian fir as varieties of silver fir, as A. alba var. acutifolia and A. alba var. nebrodensis, respectively.