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Crow-dipper — whole plant
Arum family (Araceae)NE · Not Evaluated (NE)

Crow-dipper

Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino

Also known asCrow-dipper, pinellia, ban xia, crow-dipper pinellia

Crow-dipper (Pinellia ternata) is a tuberous arum-family herb with trifoliate leaves and bulbils at the leaf bases; its tuber is the well-known Chinese medicine 'ban xia', used for phlegm, cough and vomiting, but it is toxic and must be processed.

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Oct 12, 2026
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Overview

Crow-dipper (Pinellia ternata), also called ban xia or pinellia, is a tuberous perennial herb of the arum family (Araceae), genus Pinellia, growing 15–40 cm tall. Each year the plant sends up one or two leaves from the tuber; the leaves are trifoliate (three leaflets), ovate-lanceolate, 5–15 cm long, often deeply lobed, on long stalks. At the base (axil) of the leaf stalk a small **bulbil** is usually produced — an important means of vegetative reproduction. The inflorescence is typical of the arum family: a rolled green **spathe** surrounding a **spadix**, with male flowers above and female flowers below and no perianth. The fruit is a small green-yellow berry clustered on the spadix, but the plant spreads mainly by bulbils rather than seed. The whole plant is toxic.

Updated by lebachungtdh@gmail.com · 10/12/2026

Crow-dipper is native to China, Japan and Korea and has since spread widely, becoming a weed in many places, including North America. It prefers moist soil and light shade and often grows by walls, in fields, on waste ground and at forest edges. The tuber contains needle-like **calcium oxalate crystals** together with lectins (pinellin) and alkaloids — eaten raw it causes itching, numbness and a burning sensation in the mouth and throat, so in traditional medicine the tuber must be **processed** (soaked with alum or ginger, fried or boiled) before use. In Chinese medicine the tuber (ban xia) is pungent and warm and toxic: it **dries dampness, transforms phlegm, redirects rebellious qi and stops vomiting**, and is used for phlegmy cough, nausea, vomiting, chest fullness and dizziness, often in the formula Er Chen Tang. The plant is also propagated by bulbils for its medicinal tuber and is occasionally grown in pots as an ornamental. It has not been assessed by the IUCN and is therefore listed as Not Evaluated (NE).

Updated by lebachungtdh@gmail.com · 10/12/2026

Life cycle

From seed to product

Tuber & bulbil

The plant perennates by a flattened round tuber underground; a small bulbil forms at the leaf-stalk base for vegetative reproduction and propagation.

Leaves

One or two trifoliate leaves arise from the tuber, with deeply lobed ovate-lanceolate leaflets on long stalks; the leaves grow quickly in the moist season.

Mature plant

The mature plant is 15–40 cm tall with fresh green trifoliate leaves; at the end of the growing season the top dies back and the tuber persists through the cold season.

Fruit & dispersal

Small green-yellow berries cluster on the spadix; besides seed, the plant spreads mainly by bulbils and tubers.

Distribution & origin

Share of recorded occurrences by region
  • China (main native range)40%
  • Japan, Korea, Taiwan (native)25%
  • Vietnam & Southeast Asia (native/medicinal)20%
  • North America & Europe (introduced weed)10%
  • Elsewhere5%

Chemical composition

Relative content in agarwood resin
  • Calcium oxalate crystals (needle-like)Cause itching, numbness, burning when eaten raw20%
  • Starch & polysaccharides (mucilage)Stored in the tuber, giving viscosity26%
  • Proteins & lectins (pinellin)Toxic/irritant, must be processed14%
  • AlkaloidsContribute to biological activity12%
  • Flavonoids & organic acidsMild antioxidant14%
  • Minerals & other constituentsK, Ca, Mg...14%

Uses

  • Medicine (Chinese medicine): the processed tuber of ban xia is pungent and warm — dries dampness, transforms phlegm, redirects rebellious qi and stops vomiting; used for phlegmy cough, nausea, vomiting, chest fullness and dizziness.
  • Commonly used in formulas: found in classical prescriptions such as Er Chen Tang, Xiao Ban Xia Tang and Ban Xia Bai Zhu Tian Ma Tang.
  • Propagation & cultivation: grown from bulbils in moist, lightly shaded soil to harvest the medicinal tubers.
  • Ornamental/pot plant: it likes shade and moisture and its arum-family spathe makes it an occasional pot or damp-garden plant.
  • Safety warning: do not eat or use the raw tuber (causes itching, numbness, burning); it must be properly processed; use caution in pregnancy and in drug combinations.

Properties

Form
Tuberous perennial herb 15–40 cm tall; one or two trifoliate leaves arise from the tuber each year
Hallmark
Lobed trifoliate leaves; bulbils at leaf-stalk bases; the spathe-and-spadix inflorescence typical of the arum family
Pharmacology
Tuber: dries dampness, transforms phlegm, redirects rebellious qi, stops vomiting (TCM); antiemetic and expectorant
Toxicity & caution
Whole plant toxic (calcium oxalate, lectins); never use the raw tuber — must be processed and dosed under professional guidance

Habitat & conservation

Crow-dipper prefers moist, humus-rich soil and light shade; it often grows by walls, along field edges, on waste ground and at forest margins in cool, damp spots. Native to China, Japan and Korea; it now grows widely and is a weed in North America and Europe. In Vietnam it is mainly known and grown for its medicinal tuber.

Conservation

Crow-dipper is widespread, widely cultivated as a medicinal plant and is also a weed in many places; it has not been assessed by the IUCN and is therefore listed as Not Evaluated (NE). Family Araceae, genus Pinellia. Value: the tuber as Chinese medicine (ban xia); note its toxicity.

References

  1. 1POWO — Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino — Plants of the World Online (Kew), 2026
  2. 2GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino — GBIF, 2026
  3. 3Wikipedia EN — Pinellia ternata (crow-dipper) — Wikipedia EN, 2026
  4. 4Wikipedia VI — Bán hạ bắc — Wikipedia VI, 2026
  5. 5Wikipedia ZH — 半夏 — Wikipedia ZH, 2026
  6. 6Ảnh: Sun Jiao (CC BY-SA 4.0 / CC BY 4.0); Krzysztof Ziarnek (CC BY 4.0) — Wikimedia Commons, 2026
  7. 7Ảnh: Meneerke bloem (CC BY-SA 3.0); yamatsu (CC0) — Wikimedia Commons, 2026
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