Siam weed
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) is a perennial herb of the daisy family, 1–2 m tall, with opposite leaves and a pungent scent; an aggressive invasive weed in the tropics whose leaves are also used in folk medicine.
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Overview
Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed), also called communist weed, is a perennial herb or scrambling shrub of the aster family (Asteraceae), genus Chromolaena, 1–2 m tall (clambering to 5–10 m in favourable conditions with its soft stems). The stems are branched and finely hairy. The **leaves are opposite, ovate-lanceolate, toothed and three-veined**, 4–10 cm long, and give off a characteristic pungent aroma when crushed. The **small pale lilac/pink flowers** are grouped into tiny flower heads (capitula) arranged in terminal corymbs; each head contains only tubular florets. The fruit is an achene (cypsela) bearing a pappus of hairs that aids wind dispersal.
Updated by lebachungtdh@gmail.com · 10/12/2026
Chromolaena odorata is native to tropical America (Mexico, the Caribbean, South America) and, after introduction, became a **serious invasive species** across the Old World tropics (Southeast Asia, Africa, Oceania), spreading fast on open ground, roadsides, swidden fields and plantations. Besides being a weed, its **leaves** are used in folk medicine (poultices for wounds, to stop bleeding, as an antiseptic) in many countries; the plant is also used as green manure and gives honey. **Note**: it is toxic to livestock and its pollen can cause allergies. It has not been assessed by the IUCN and is therefore listed as Not Evaluated (NE).
Updated by lebachungtdh@gmail.com · 10/12/2026
Life cycle
From seed to productGermination & seedling
Tiny pappus-bearing seeds disperse by wind, germinate on moist open ground and quickly grow into seedlings.
Stem & leaf growth
Soft branched stems; **opposite, three-veined, toothed leaves** that release a pungent aroma when crushed.
Flowering
**Small pale-lilac flower heads** (tubular florets only) gather into terminal corymbs; the flowers yield nectar and pollen.
Fruit & seed dispersal
The achene bears a **pappus** of hairs, letting the seed travel far by wind — the key to its rapid spread.
Distribution & origin
Share of recorded occurrences by region- Tropical America (native)35%
- Southeast Asia (invasive)25%
- Africa (invasive)20%
- South Asia (invasive)10%
- Oceania (invasive)10%
Chemical composition
Relative content in agarwood resin- Essential oil (aromatic)Gives the leaf its pungent aroma25%
- FlavonoidsContribute to folk antibacterial effects20%
- Alkaloids (pyrrolizidine)Relevant to livestock toxicity20%
- TanninsPresent in the leaves15%
- TerpenoidsSecondary components10%
- Minerals & othersK, Ca, Mg, etc.10%
Uses
- Folk medicine: the **leaves** are pounded into poultices for wounds, to stop bleeding and as an antiseptic in many tropical countries.
- Agriculture: the plant is used as **green manure** and mulch thanks to its large, fast-growing biomass.
- Beekeeping: the flowers are a source of **nectar and pollen** for bees.
- Biomass: the stems are used as **firewood/charcoal** and mulch in rural areas.
- Caution: it is an **invasive weed**; toxic to livestock and its pollen may cause allergies in people.
Properties
- Morphology
- Opposite three-veined leaves; soft, scrambling stems
- Aroma
- Leaves pungent-aromatic when crushed
- Ecology
- An invasive weed, fast-growing, wind-dispersed seeds
- Medicinal & other
- Used in folk medicine; green manure; honey
Habitat & conservation
Siam weed is light-demanding and spreads very quickly on disturbed ground: open land, roadsides, abandoned swidden fields, pastures, plantations and field margins throughout the humid tropics. Native to tropical America, it has become a familiar invasive species in the Old World.
Conservation
Siam weed is not threatened; on the contrary it is one of the most serious invasive weeds of the tropics. It has not been assessed by the IUCN and is therefore listed as Not Evaluated (NE). Family Asteraceae, genus Chromolaena. Value: folk medicine, green manure and nectar source.
References
- 1POWO — Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. — Plants of the World Online (Kew), 2026
- 2GBIF Backbone Taxonomy — Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. — GBIF, 2026
- 3Wikipedia EN — Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) — Wikipedia EN, 2026
- 4Wikipedia VI — Bớp bớp (Cỏ lào) — Wikipedia VI, 2026
- 5Wikipedia ZH — 飞机草 — Wikipedia ZH, 2026
- 6Ảnh: Vis M, Vinayaraj, Osagie99 (CC BY-SA 4.0) — Wikimedia Commons — Wikimedia Commons, 2026
- 7Ảnh: DXLINH (Public domain); 'leaves (2006)' (CC BY 2.5) — Wikimedia Commons — Wikimedia Commons, 2026
